I think that the original defect can be traced back to the ideological father of public education himself: Horace Mann.
It would be unfair to blame Mann alone for the removal of Christianity from the classroom. Mann was not against the combination of education and religion, as long as it was a certain type of religion. He was not opposed to using the Bible in school, in general. But there was one aspect of religion that specifically disgusted and horrified him: religious sectarianism.
In fact, it wasn't so much the religious aspect that troubled him specifically, but sectarianism in general. Mann saw religious and political controversy as basically the same thing: insignificant sound and fury, useless noise, etc.. He thought that the developing mind of a young, impressionable citizen should be protected from the cacophony. He envisioned public education as providing a protective cocoon to shield our future citizens from these distorting influences.
No matter how well intentioned this ideology, it must be admitted that there are grave consequences. Our system cannot function without meaningful dissent. There must be vigorous argument, especially on the important points. However, we seem to have lost the ability to maintain a cogent public discourse. I don't blame public education solely, but it has had an impact
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