[Morality Games]

This is my Spinoza-influenced view of the will.

The ego cannot will by its own volition. Whatever is willed is the effect of a string of causes stretching back to time immemorial, or as far as human knowledge can go, whatever causes pertain to the event or act in question. The proof of this is a lack of evidence implicating the existence of a quality of mind which allows the ego to will contingently, and conclusive evidence that what the ego wills depends entirely on the circumstances surrounding it. Nature drives beings onward until their existential power is exhausted and they dissolve into dust, and while the ego can make every decision it wants up to this point, both its choices and desires are under the direction of a power far more expansive than itself. That is, the world decides what choices the ego will make and what desires motivate to choose thusly. If anyone perceives otherwise, then deficient awareness and faulty comprehension are giving them a bad understanding of the facts.

He doesn't presuppose it. He infers it as a necessity if we are to have a standard of judgment.

The philosophers who came after, starting immediately with Aristotle and an uneven development from there, have typically expounded more realistic standards.

As I said I don't hold a dualism, however, we cannot be sure it is not true. To do so would be similar to what theists do when they say "you cannot prove the world was created naturally without God therefore a God is necessary." Just because it cannot be understood does not mean it is wrong.

I can't be sure of anything, but there is more reason to adopt the position dualism isn't true than the reverse at this moment. We infer from experience, our most immediate reality, that a physical substance is real. The same does not hold true for a second substance.